Stadium Design Related Specifications (HTML Version)

I. Introduction to Stadiums

A stadium refers to a building with a spacious outdoor venue for sports competitions and other performances, providing seating for a large number of spectators. The spectator seating in a stadium is generally an outdoor open-air area, but there are also cases where the spectator seating is partially or fully covered.

1) Classification of Gymnasium Building Grades:

2) Design of Stadium Stand Scale (Number of Spectators)

Note: When the lower limit of the specified indicators cannot be met under specific conditions, planning and architectural means should be used to meet the requirements of venue reuse, safety, evacuation, parking and other aspects.

II. Plane Layout of Stadium Stands

1. The plane layout of the stands is carried out along the track edge with straight lines or curves. Stands are often arranged on one side, usually facing west; if arranged on two sides, they are arranged in east-west, southeast, northeast, etc.; if arranged on three sides, they are generally arranged in east-west-south or southeast-north; if arranged in four sides (peripheral type). As shown in the figure below

2. The number of spectator seats arranged by orientation is better with east-west stands; among them, the west stand is the best, and the rostrum is often set on the west stand.

3. Spectator seats include athlete seats, guest seats, VIP seats, etc. Regular competition venues do not have standing seats, all are seating seats. The width of ordinary seating seats is 420-500mm, and the layer width is 650-700mm; the width of rostrum seats is 600mm, and the depth is 850-1000mm. The spectator seating area of the stand is generally arranged in a unit type, with one entrance and exit in each unit, accommodating about 1,500-2,500 people, 25-35 people per layer. Each unit is separated by a channel with a width of ≥1M, and the net width of the entrance and exit is about 5m.

4. The rostrum is generally set on the west stand, and its position should be separated from the ordinary spectator seats, preferably above the ordinary seats, or in the middle of the ordinary seats. Attention should be paid to the sight obstruction of the seats on the left and right sides during arrangement. The distance between the rostrum and the venue should not be too far or too close. The viewing distance from the rostrum to the venue should be within 8-14m, and there should be an appropriate height, generally after the 10th row, requiring the seats to have a good sense of depth in sight.

5. Athlete seats are generally set in the seats on both sides of the rostrum to facilitate athletes to enter and exit the inner field and approach the starting point of the track. When used by ordinary spectators at ordinary times, the steps should be closed.

6. Distribution of spectator seats in the stands: Generally, the east and west stands are the main ones, and the west stand is the best. The east and west stands should each account for 1/3 of the total number of spectators, while the north and south stands together account for 1/3 of the total number of seats.

III. Design of Stand Sight Lines

1) Selection of Viewpoint:

The selection of the viewpoint should be based on the venue scale, design standards and sports events. There are four common viewpoint positions. The trajectory line of each viewpoint is parallel to the line of the first row of spectator seats, and its line shape is consistent (if the viewpoint trajectory line is a curve, the line of the first row of spectator seats is a curve parallel to it; if it is a straight line, it is a straight line).

(1) The First Type

The viewpoint is selected at the intersection of the outer edge line of the west straight track and the finish line. As shown in the figure above, there are six types of viewpoints and their trajectories, and different viewpoints produce different stand heights. This viewpoint can see most of the track (of course, football and races can also be seen), which is suitable for large-scale field events arranged outside the track, but the stand slope is relatively large; if the distance between the seats and the viewpoint is increased, the viewing distance for watching football and races will be increased.

(2) The Second Type

The viewpoint is selected at the intersection of the outer edge of the straight track and the short axis of the stadium. This viewpoint can also see most of the track, but it blocks the field events arranged outside the track.

(3) The Third and Fourth Types

The viewpoint is selected at the ground or 0.5m above the ground at the intersection of the inner edge curb of the straight track and the short axis of the venue. This viewpoint has great obstruction for spectators in the stands to watch track and field events, and also blocks the view of football. It is generally suitable for training venues. For a dedicated football field without a track, the corner kick point or the goal ±0 can be used as the design viewpoint.

2) Visual Quality Zoning:

1. Viewing Distance: Viewing distance is the main factor affecting the clarity of sight. The closer the viewing distance, the better the clarity.

2. Sight Orientation: In the horizontal direction, the closer the spectator seats are to the short axis of the venue, the better the visual quality; in the vertical direction, the audience's sight line forms an appropriate angle with the venue, generally between 15°-45° for a better sense of depth. The smaller the height difference between the audience's horizontal line of sight and the viewpoint, the better the audience's sense of height.

Usually, the quality of vision is measured by several comprehensive factors such as sight clarity, sense of depth and sense of height, as shown in the figure.

Stadium Spectator Seat Visual Quality Zoning Map

Note: In the figure, the contour lines are calculated based on the assumption that the height of the eyes of the first row of spectators y1=1.1m, the sight elevation difference c=120mm, and the horizontal distance between the eyes of the first row of spectators and the viewpoint x1=18m.

Clarity Quality Analysis Index

Orientation Quality Zoning Index

Visual Quality Zoning Index

The above quality zoning can be used to limit the scope of spectator seats and examine the proportion of the total number of spectator seats that the stands can accommodate. Generally, the east and west stands should each account for 3/10~4/10 of the total number of seats; while the north and south stands should each account for 2/10~1/10.

(3) Calculation of Stand Section Elevation Value

• Straight-line Section: The elevation value of each step is the same, which is convenient for construction and suitable for small stadiums.

• Polygonal Line Section: The stand steps are divided into several groups (generally 3~5 steps per group). The elevation value of the steps in each group is the same, while the elevation value of each step between groups is different, showing a polygonal line. The polygonal line section is convenient for construction, and the stand surface is approximately a curved surface. Suitable for medium-sized stadiums.

• Curved Section: Its characteristic is that the elevation value of each step is different, and the stand surface is a curved surface. This form is suitable for large stadiums, but if the difference between steps is ≤5mm, construction is not easy to control, and the precision is difficult to achieve. It is best that the difference can be about 10mm.

1) Basic Data for Sight Line Calculation

c—Sight elevation difference, as shown in the figure above.

c = 120mm (horizontal viewing); C= 90mm (upward viewing); c=60mm (staggered arrangement). Most sports are viewed from above (when c is 120, it is the best, but the stand is too high, which is not economical; when 60mm is selected, the seats need to be arranged in a staggered manner);

d—Depth of stand steps (850~1000mm when using chairs with backrests; 700~850mm when using benches without backrests);

e—Viewpoint height (1200mm when sitting, 1600mm when standing);

b—Height difference between the feet of the first row of spectators and the venue ground. (For ball or track and field venues, b can be "0" or a positive value; for swimming venues, it should be larger than that for ball venues. For gymnastics venues, it should be "0" or a negative value, that is, horizontal viewing is preferred);

x1—Horizontal distance between point F (selected viewpoint) and the eyes of the first row of spectators;

y1—The vertical distance between the eyes of the first row of spectators and the horizontal line passing through F is equal to y =b + 1.2m;

yn—The vertical distance between the eyes of the spectators in the row to be found and the horizontal line passing through point F. The relationship between the above values is shown in the figure.

2) Sight Line Calculation Formula

a. Calculation formula for elevation value per row: Y1 is the height of the eyes of the first row of spectators from the horizontal line of point F.

From the consideration of convenience and safety in use, the ratio of the height of each step to the depth of the step should not be greater than 1:1.5. The actual height should not be greater than 60cm, the minimum height should not be less than 25cm, and the height difference between upper and lower steps should be in units of 1cm to facilitate construction. Considering the distortion of the assumed conditions for calculation in the design of stand sight lines, such as the standard human height of 1.7m, seat height of 1.3m, and the difference in the size of sports events and viewing ground area, spectators can adjust the angle and orientation by themselves in actual use. Therefore, as long as the basic principles of design are well grasped, good results can be achieved. Therefore, the calculation method should not be too precise, which will add unnecessary difficulty to construction.

3) Viewing Distance:

The distance from the spectator's eyes to the observed object in the competition venue. The farther the viewing distance, the worse the clarity of vision; the closer the viewing distance, the better the clarity. Therefore, the maximum viewing distance of a ball gymnasium should generally not be greater than 45m, and the minimum viewing distance should not be less than 3m.

The viewing distance for various events is shown in the figure below:

IV. Design and Selection of Stadium Stand Seats

(1) Functional Classification of Stands:

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Note: 1. The number of disabled spectator (wheelchair) seats can be calculated as 2‰ of the total number of spectator seats. The location should be convenient for disabled spectators to enter and evacuate; 2. The area of each VIP box should not be less than 2m*3m.

(2) Routine Selection of Spectator Seats:

(3) Minimum Dimensions of Spectator Seats

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