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Stadium stand design
Gymnasium Design Specifications (HTML English Version)
1. Introduction to Gymnasiums
A gymnasium refers to a sports building equipped with special facilities that can host indoor competitive competitions and training for various sports such as ball games, indoor track and field, ice sports, gymnastics (skills), martial arts, boxing, fencing, weightlifting, wrestling, judo, etc. It mainly consists of competition and training venues, stands, and auxiliary rooms and facilities. According to the function of the competition venue, gymnasiums can be divided into comprehensive gymnasiums and special gymnasiums. Gymnasiums without spectator stands and corresponding rooms are also called training rooms.
1) Classification of Gymnasium Building Grades
| Grade | Main Usage Requirements |
|---|---|
| Special Grade | Host venue for Asian Games, Olympic Games and world-class competitions |
| Grade A | Host national and single-item international competitions |
| Grade B | Host regional and national single-item competitions |
| Grade C | Host local and mass sports meetings |
2) Design of Gymnasium Stand Scale (Number of Spectators)
| City Scale | Cities with a population of over 1 million | Cities with a population of 500,000-1 million | Cities with a population of 200,000-500,000 | Cities with a population of 100,000-200,000 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Design of Stand Seats | 4,000-10,000 seats | 4,000-6,000 seats | 2,000-4,000 seats | 2,000-3,000 seats |
Note: When the specified index lower limit cannot be met under specific conditions, planning and architectural means should be used to meet the requirements for venue reuse safety, evacuation, parking and other aspects.
2. Overall Plane Shape of Gymnasium
Common overall plane shapes of gymnasiums include rectangle, square, circle, ellipse, as well as polygon and other irregular shapes (such as petal shape, triangle, etc.). The most common ones are rectangle and ellipse.
1) Rectangular Plane
The advantages of a rectangular plane are simple appearance and structure, good sightlines and large capacity of the stands on both longitudinal sides of the venue, and seats can be arranged basically according to the optimal sightline position. It is suitable for small and medium-sized venues where the side lines of the stands are rectangular and the main stands are on both sides or one side of the longitudinal axis of the venue.
2) Circular and Elliptical Planes
Mainly suitable for large and medium-sized gymnasiums.
Diagrams are as follows:
3. Design of Stand Sightlines
1) Viewing Angle
The angle between the spectator's line of sight and the horizontal line is divided into horizontal viewing angle and vertical viewing angle. The optimal viewing angle is an important factor to ensure the quality of sightlines. Generally speaking, the height angle of the viewing angle should not exceed 45 degrees, and the minimum should not be less than 5 degrees. Due to the rectangular shape of the gymnasium competition venue, the horizontal azimuth angle, according to the measured records of spectator seating, the size of the viewing distance and the size of the high angle (the visual quality of the mezzanine height angle is worse than that of the auditorium height) are the main factors affecting the visual quality of spectator seats.
Visual Quality Zoning Diagram
| Zone | A | B | C | D | E | F |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Visual Quality | Excellent | Good | Satisfactory | Acceptable | Poor | Bad |
2) Line of Sight
The line connecting the spectator's eyes to the designed viewpoint of the venue. The stands are variable, the spectators' sightlines are unobstructed, and the spectators' visual quality is good. The seats with excellent sightlines should account for more than 90%.
Line of Sight Calculation Formula:
3) Viewing Distance
The distance from the spectator's eyes to the observed object in the competition venue. Too long viewing distance results in poor visual clarity, while short viewing distance results in good clarity. Therefore, the maximum viewing distance of a ball gymnasium should generally not exceed 45m, and the minimum viewing distance should not be less than 3m.
The viewing distances for various competitions are shown in the figure below:
4. Design and Selection of Gymnasium Stand Seats
(1) Classification of Stand Functions
| Grade | Presidential Platform | Boxes | Press Seats | Commentator Seats | Athlete Seats | General Spectator Seats | Disabled Spectator Seats |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Special Grade | Available | Available | Available | Available | Available | Available | Available |
| Grade A | Available | Available | Available | Available | Available | Available | Available |
| Grade B | Available | Not Available | Shared | Available | Available | ||
| Grade C | Available | Not Available | Shared | Available |
Note: 1. The number of disabled spectator (wheelchair) seats can be calculated as 2‰ of the total number of spectator seats. The location should be convenient for disabled spectators to enter and evacuate; 2. The area of each VIP box should not be less than 2m*3m.
(2) Routine Selection of Spectator Seats
| Grade | Presidential Platform | Press Seats | Commentator Seats | Athlete Seats | General Spectators |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Special Grade | Mobile Armrest Soft Chairs | Upholstered Hard Chairs | Upholstered Hard Chairs | ||
| Grade A | Mobile Soft Chairs | Upholstered Hard Chairs or Backless Square Stools | |||
| Grade B | Upholstered Soft Chairs | Backless Square Stools or Backless Plank Stools | |||
| Grade C | Upholstered Hard Chairs |
(3) Minimum Dimensions of Spectator Seats
| Specification | Seat Type | Backless Plank Stool | Backless Square Stool | Upholstered Hard Chair | Upholstered Soft Chair | Mobile Soft Chair | Armrest Soft Chair |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Seat Width (Center Distance) mm | 420 | 450 | 480 | 500 | 550 | 600 | |
| Layer Width mm | 720 | 750 | 800 | 850 | 1000 | 1200 |
Note: 1. Press seats occupy 2 seats in 2 rows, with workbenches in the front row; 2. Commentator seats occupy 3 seats in 2 rows, with workbenches in the front row; 3. The row spacing of the stands refers to the net distance, which should be appropriately increased if the first and last rows are affected by railings or backward-leaning backrests; 4. The height of general spectator seats should not be less than 0.35m and should not exceed 0.55m; 5. Seats should be firmly installed and easy to clean the stands, and outdoor seats should also prevent water accumulation on the seat surface.
(4) Examples of Seat Selection
1) Fixed Seats for General Spectator Stands
A. Fixed seats for general spectator stands occupy most of the seats, and can be selected as flat-mounted, side-mounted or vertical-mounted according to different costs.
The following two figures are examples of side-mounted seats and vertical-mounted seats respectively
B. Material selection for fixed seats in general spectator stands: The most commonly used is hollow blow-molded chairs, followed by injection-molded chairs, and FRP chairs have basically been eliminated.
C. Integrated chairs and flip chairs. According to the cost, fixed seats can be selected as integrated chairs or flip chairs. The price of flip chairs is generally 3-4 times that of integrated chairs.
The figure below is an example of flip chairs for fixed spectator stands in a gymnasium:
2) Mobile Stands for General Spectator Seats
The multi-functional use of the venue makes mobile stands quite popular.
A. According to the driving method, electric telescopic stands and manual telescopic stands can be selected;
B. The installation methods of seats are front-mounted and rear-mounted, and the rear-mounted type is generally more expensive;
C. According to the material of the seats, they are divided into injection-molded chairs, blow-molded chairs and soft-padded chairs.
The following is an example of a mobile stand in a gymnasium
3) Tables and Chairs for Presidential Platform
Generally, soft-padded chairs are used. The figure below is an example of a presidential platform in a gymnasium.
6. Safety and Fire Protection Requirements for Stand Design
Key points for the design and seat layout of mobile stands: First, it should be convenient for spectators to enter and exit. The layout and size of the aisles should meet the requirements of fire safety evacuation, and the venue land should be maximized as much as possible. The number of consecutive seats between the longitudinal aisles of the spectator stands should not exceed 26 per row indoors, and when there is only one side aisle, the number of seats should be halved.
The height of the guardrail of the stands shall meet the following requirements:
The height of the railing shall not be less than 0.9m, and shall not be less than 1.1m at the more dangerous places at the rear of the stands
The form of the railing shall not block the spectators' sight and shall ensure the spectators' safety
At least one side of the transverse aisle shall be provided with guardrails
When the slope of the stand is large and the height difference between the front and rear rows exceeds 0.5m, railings and handrails shall be added on the longitudinal aisle; when backless seats are used, the number of rows shall not exceed 10, and transverse aisles must be added if it exceeds 10 rows.
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